Medical Research Studies
Estrogen Plus Progestin and Breast Cancer Incidence and Mortality in Postmenopausal Women
October, 2010 - Conclusion: In the Women's Health Initiative randomized, placebo-controlled trial of estrogen plus progestin, after a mean intervention time of 5.6 (SD, 1.3) years (range, 3.7-8.6 years) and a mean follow-up of 7.9 (SD, 1.4) years, breast cancer incidence was increased among women who received combined hormone therapy. Breast cancer mortality among participants in the trial has not been previously reported.Estrogen plus progestin was associated with greater breast cancer incidence, and the cancers are more commonly node-positive. Breast cancer mortality also appears to be increased with combined use of estrogen plus progestin.
Safety of testosterone use in women
May, 2009 - Conclusion: This was a review of the literature looking at the safety of testosterone in women. After a review of the available scientific literature the authors concluded that "the predominant data shows that low dose T use is safe in regards to the breast and endometrium with experimental data suggesting a decrease in estrogen-induced breast epithelial proliferation, and no adverse cardiovascular effects."
Experimental Benefits of Sex Hormones on Vascular Function and the Outcome of Hormone Therapy in Cardiovascular Disease
November, 2008 - Conclusion: A review article that looked at hormone replacement therapy and cardiovascular disease. The authors concluded that the type of hormones used and the route of administration used and age of patients among other factors could affect whether or not hormones decreased the risk of heart disease. Notably they stated that transdermal estrogen confers multiple cardiovascular benefits including relaxation of vascular smooth muscle, vascular relaxation, thickness of arteries, blocks vascular inflammation. The authors also state that progesterone has positive effects on lipids and atherosclerosis. Progesterone added to estrogen seems to improve cardiovascular outcomes even further according to the authors. Finally the authors also noted that Testosterone is anti-atherosclerotic and may exert beneficial effects on the arteries. It was also noted that Testosterone causes vasodilation. DHEA also stimulates nitric oxide in human endothelial cells which leads to vasodilation.
Effect of estrogen plus progestin on stroke in postmenopausal women: the Women's Health Initiative: a randomized trial
May, 2008 - Conclusion: The combination of progestin (synthetic progesterone) and Premarin (synthetic estrogen made from horse urine) significantly increased risk of stroke in the WHI study. Large study of 16,608 women over the course of 5.6 years.
Unequal risks for breast cancer associated with different hormone replacement therapies: results from the E3N cohort study
January, 2008 - Conclusion: E3N cohort study report from 2008: There was a significantly increased risk of breast cancer in women treated with estrogen combined with progestin but no increased risk in women treated with estrogen combined with progesterone and authors conclude that findings suggest that it could be preferable to use progesterone over progestins
Effects of conjugated equine estrogen on stroke in the Women's Health Initiative
May, 2006 - Conclusion: Women who took Premarin (synthetic estrogen made from horse urine) had a significantly increased risk of strokes over women who did not take Premarin.
Breast cancer risk in relation to different types of hormone replacement therapy in the E3N-EPIC cohort
April, 2005 - Conclusion: 54,548 women on HRT for 5.8 yrs, mean age 52.8 yrs E3N/EPIC trial. Conclusions: When estrogen was combined with progestin the risk of breast cancer was significantly higher than for estrogen combined with natural progesterone.
Increased risk of breast cancer following different regimens of hormone replacement therapy frequently used in Europe
May, 2004 - Conclusion: Progestins combined with estrogens increase the risk of breast cancer. Surveys were sent to 19,898 women - The Danish Nurse Cohort. 244 women got breast cancer. The women who were treated with estrogen alone had an increased risk of breast cancer, but the women treated with combined estrogen and progestin had the highest risk of breast cancer.
Differential effects of progestogens on breast cancer cell lines
December, 2001, - Conclusion: Looks at effects of different types of progestogens on breast cancer cells. Proved that progesterone caused death and regression (apoptosis) of breast cancer cells whereas progestins (artificial progesterone) proliferation (growth) of breast cancer cells
Hormone Replacement Therapy and Cognition
June, 2001 - Conclusion: 9 randomized controlled trials and 8 cohort studies that studied the effects of HRT on cognition were reviewed. Cognitive function improved in symptomatic women especially in tests of verbal memory and vigilance. 10 case control and 2 cohort studies showed that HRT users have a 34 percent decreased risk of Alzheimers disease.
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